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Certainly his reforms went far deeper than those of Cleomenes who had liberated 6000 helots merely as an emergency measure. In the resulting Battle of Sellasia in 222 BC, Cleomenes was defeated by the Achaeans and Macedonia. A large Macedonian army under general Antipater marched to its relief and defeated the Spartan-led force in a pitched battle. During Alexander's campaigns in the east, the Spartan king, Agis III sent a force to Crete in 333 BC with the aim of securing the island for Sparta.

To the north, Laconia is separated from Arcadia by hilly uplands reaching 1000 m in altitude. The ancients sometimes used a back-formation, referring to the land of Lacedaemon as Lacedaemonian country. This term could be used synonymously with Sparta, but typically it denoted the region in which the city was located. The third term, "Laconice" (Λακωνική), referred to the immediate area around the town of Sparta, the plateau east of the Taygetos mountains, and sometimes to all the regions under direct Spartan control, including Messenia. During the 7th century read more BC, it rose to become the most prominent land military power in the Greek world, a status it retained until its defeat at Leuctra in 371 BC. Nabis was forced to capitulate, evacuating all his possessions outside Laconia, surrendering the Laconian seaports and his navy, and paying an indemnity of 500 talents, while freed slaves were returned to their former masters.

• In the course of the Peloponnesian War, Sparta, a traditional land power, acquired a navy which managed to overpower the previously dominant flotilla of Athens, ending the Athenian Empire.
• However, it was Sparta that was defeated and this, along with the death of King Cleombrotus dealt a crushing blow to Spartan military prestige.
• The memory of this defeat was still fresh in Spartan minds when the other Greek city-states rose in revolt against Macedonian rule, and decided to remain neutral in the conflict that came to known as the Lamian War.
• According to this view, one Spartan faction was quite content to allow Athens to carry the risk of continuing the war with Persia while an opposing faction deeply resented Athens' challenge to their Greek supremacy.

However, the helots were not the private property of individual Spartan citizens, regardless of their household duties, and were instead owned by the state through the kleros system. The Spartan helots were not only agricultural workers, but were also household servants, both male and female would be assigned domestic duties, such as wool-working. The helots' position has been described as "serf-like" and they were treated harshly by their masters. The largest class of inhabitants were the helots (in Classical Greek Εἵλωτες / Heílôtes). The other classes were the perioikoi, free inhabitants who were non-citizens, and the helots, state-owned serfs.

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Pre- and post-battle sacrifices were a common feature of Greek warfare in general but the Spartan army took things one step further and sacrificed before crossing rivers, for example, and even withheld from mobilising the army if an important religious festival was ongoing. This tough training resulted in a professional hoplite army capable of relatively sophisticated battle manoeuvres and made them feared throughout Greece, a fact perhaps evidenced by Sparta's notable lack of fortifications for most of its history. These youths pursued rigorous athletic and military training which became even more demanding from the age of 20, when they joined common mess halls (syssition) where they often formed homoerotic relations with older, more experienced citizens. From the age of seven, males had a militaristic upbringing known as the agōgē where they were separated into age groups and lived in barracks.

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The final showdown was in 362 BC, by which time several of Boeotia's former allies, such as Mantinea and Elis, had joined Sparta. Boeotia responded by sending a large army, led by Epaminondas, which first marched on Sparta itself and then moved to Messenia where the helots had already rebelled. The result of the battle was to transfer supremacy from Sparta to Thebes.

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The memory of this defeat was still fresh in Spartan minds when the other Greek city-states rose in revolt against Macedonian rule, and decided to remain neutral in the conflict that came to known as the Lamian War. Alexander was merciful, and he only forced the Spartans to join the League of Corinth, which they had previously refused to. Agis next took command of allied Greek forces against Macedon, gaining early successes, before laying siege to Megalopolis in 331 BC. In the aftermath of the battle both Sparta's enemies and her allies swore a common peace. The resulting Battle of Mantinea was won by Boeotia and her allies but in the moment of victory, Epaminondas was killed.

In terms of domestic archaeology, little is known about Spartan houses and villages before the Archaic period, but the best evidence comes from excavations at Nichoria in Messenia where postholes have been found. The city wall, built in successive stages from the 4th to the 2nd century, was traced for a great part of its circuit, which measured 48 stades or nearly 10 km (6 miles) (Polyb. 1X. 21). Though the actual temple is almost completely destroyed, the site has produced the longest extant archaic inscription in Laconia, numerous bronze nails and plates, and a considerable number of votive offerings. In 1907, the location of the sanctuary of Athena "of the Brazen House" (Χαλκίοικος, Chalkioikos) was determined to be on the acropolis immediately above the theatre. Their city is not built continuously, and has no splendid temples or other edifices; it rather resembles a group of villages, like the ancient towns of Hellas, and would therefore make a poor show. He was believed to have built the sanctuary of the Charites, which stood between Sparta and Amyclae, and to have given to those divinities the names of Cleta and Phaenna.